The study concludes that the role of regional and international powers in the Burundi conflict cannot be neglected. At the regional level, there was great concern and fear about likeliness of extension of the conflict in neighboring countries, and accordingly extension of humanitarian disasters represented in asylum, displacement, and transfer of armed movements, which warns of a large-scale war. Therefore, there were multi-regional initiatives to settle the crisis and contain it. At the international level, it was clear that the American-French competition in East African countries played a role in changing the course of the ongoing conflict.
The study addresses Bayt Al-Mal (house of money), a financial institution that supervises the state's revenues and expenditures and its public resources in the Islamic system (especially in the early Islamic Caliphate). The study addresses components of the Beit Al-Mal foundation in some detail.
The study examines several concepts related to military psychology as well as the psychological characteristics of the military personality, and also addresses tools of military tyranny. It concludes that the purposes for which members of the military institution were raised, including all levels, and unconscious programming in terms of belief, religion, patriotism, and nationalism constitute the real motive behind the flagrant violations they practiced against women, children, the elderly and the sick people. وانتهت إلى أن الأغراض التي تم تنميط وتنشئة أفراد المؤسسة العسكرية بمختلف مستوياتهم، والبرمجة اللاشعورية من ناحية العقيدة والدين والوطنية والقومية والأسس التي تربى عليها أفراد الوطن الواحد، وما ترتب عليها من تغير في بعض الأفكار والقناعات وبالتالي بعض المعتقدات والمفاهيم لدى أفراد هذه المؤسسة، لهو الدافع الحقيقي خلف السلوك المستهجن والانتهاكات الصارخة التي تمت مع النساء والأطفال والشيوخ والمرضى، وكذلك التكريس والتعبئة المستمرة ليل نهار من الأدوات التي استخدمتها إدارة الشؤون المعنوية وأجهزة المخابرات من تغيير تلك المفاهيم والقناعات، أدت في النهاية إلى تغيير في عدد من الأخلاقيات العامة لدى التركيبة النفسية لهؤلاء، فتجده لا يكترث بمفهوم الرجولة ولا النخوة ولا المروءة، وتستوي عنده حال تنفيذ الأوامر المهمة المشينة مع المهمة الوطنية، ويدخل في حالة من عدم الاتزان، والصدمات المتتالية تخرج شخصية مشوهة غير واضحة، تأتي بالضرورة بهذه السلوكيات التي ما تلبث أن تدخل في حالة من الصراع الداخلي. وأكدت الدراسة على أن عددا كبيرا من مكونات المؤسسة العسكرية تتم تربيته وتنشئته من الصغر على عدد من المبادئ والمفاهيم والمعتقدات، ترسخت في الداخل وكان لها بالغ الأثر في تكوين الشخصية، ووفقا لتلك للمتغيرات الأخيرة والحالات المتغايرة من التغريب وغسيل المخ، فقد أدت بعد فوات الأوان إلى الوقوع في براثن الأخطاء الكارثية التي لا تغتفر، وإلى دخول الأفراد وكثير من القيادات في حالة من الصراعات الداخلية وتأنيب الضمير والشعور بالذنب، والذي يلاقي ويواجه في الشخصية العسكرية بالكبت والترهيب والتهديد المستمر، ناهيك عن السجن والتعذيب والتشديد، بل ويصل إلى حد التصفية والموت، نتيجة لهذه الصراعات التي أحيانا تظهر على السطح ولا يستطيع الفرد أن يكتمها في نفسه وتظهر على انفعالاته وتصرفاته.
The study addresses the strategic location of Turkey and its vital significance with regard to extensions of energy transfer pipelines It also monitors Turkey's energy sources, and due to the weakness of these sources, Turkey has drawn an integrated strategic plan aimed at converting from an energy consuming country to an energy transferring country. Within this framework, the article addresses details of energy transfer pipeline projects via Turkey through illustrative maps. It highlights the political, economic and social benefits that may accrue to Turkey as a result of hosting these pipelines, and it also monitors the future track of those lines through which Turkey seeks to boost its identity as a major hub for energy flows across continents.
The study analyzes the early beginnings of geopolitics in Turkey, where the military institution presented it as a scientific and rational perspective in the context of defense of the vision of the founders of the Republic of Turkey as a western-oriented country, both geographically and culturally. The study touches on the varieties of Eurasian thought, which the end of the Cold War marked the breaking point in its emergence and wide spread in Turkey.
The study addresses the factors that constitute Islamist ideologies, such as the religious text, the historical and social context, the ideological tendency and the life experiences of the founders. The study aims to identify the ideology of the Wahhabis and the Muslim Brotherhood. The study concludes that there are some similarities and many differences between Wahhabism and the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood.
The study addresses a major problem based on the fact that: with the multiple conditions imposed by donor countries and institutions for development assistance, whether economic conditions (as those that emerged during the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century), political conditions (as those that emerged during the nineties of the same century), conditions related to adoption of the Millennium Development Goals with the beginning of the twenty-first century, conditions related to the adoption of post-conditionality policies (during the last ten years) on the one hand, and to the multiple financial and economic crises and establishment of corruption and tyranny systems in many countries of the world during the last three decades, reached the climax during the last ten years. On the other hand, a question arises about the controversy of the relationship between conditionality and post-conditionality policies and what are the criteria for good governance?
